;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd (Structural Adgustment Program: SAP) lj=;+= @)$! ;fndf cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if (IMF) sf] k|fof]hgdf tTsflng k+rfotL ;/sf/sf] kfnfdf g]kfndf k|j]z u/fOPsf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmdsf] lgb]{zg ljZj a}+s (WB) n] u/]sf] lyof] eg] nufgL d'b|f sf]ifn] g} u/]sf] lyof] . SAP sf] pkfb]otf b]vfpFb} s] elgPsf] lyof] eg] o;n] g]kfnL cy{tGqdf b]vfk/]sf] dGb cfly{s j[l4, r'lnFbf] ljQLo 3f6f / ;'Sbf] ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ;+lrtLnfO{ ;Rofpg] 5 . ul/aL c;dfgtf, a]/f]huf/L, k|zf;lgs cs'zntf, pBf]u tyf s[lif If]qdf b]lvPsf Go"g Ifdtf pkof]u, Go"g u'0f:t/ pTkfbg, e|i6 sd{rf/LtGq cflbh:tf ljleGg If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpgsf] nflu Ps /fdjf0fsf] ¿kdf SAP nfO{ l;kmf/L; ul/of] . SAP n] cy{tGqdf b]lvPsf ofjt ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ub}{ cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug]{, ;fwgx¿sf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug]{, pTkfbsTj / /f]huf/Ldf clej[l4 ug]{h:tf j[xb cfly{s :yfoLTj lgdf{0f ug]{ atfOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df s'zn ljQLo Joj:yfkg / s[lif Jofkf/, jg tyf pBf]udf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf clgjfo{ ePsf] atfOPsf] lyof] .
lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfndf SAP k"0f{ ¿kdf lqmofGjog ul/of] . ;/sf/L af]emnfO{ sd ug{ t'¿Gt} lghLs/0f P]g NofOof] . lghL If]qnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] ;lqmo kfl/of] . g]kfnL d'b|fnfO{ rfn' vftfdf k"0f{ kl/jGw kfl/of] . Joj;fo P]g @)$( / pBf]u gLlt @)$( cufl8 ;fl/of] . cfoft lgof{t If]qdf ;+nUg pBf]ux¿nfO{ Ohfhtsf] h¿/t gkg]{ kfl/of] . a}+ssf] Jofhb/df pbf/ gLlt NofOof] . eG;f/ b/ / ljqmLs/df ;/nLs/0f ug]{ gLlt cufl8 ;fl/of] . SAP sf] ;Dk"0f{ gLltn] ;/sf/sf] lqmofsnfknfO{ Go"g kfb}{ ahf/sf] x:tIf]k jf e"ldsfnfO{ dxTj lbof] . o;af6 ljb]zaf6 k|ToIf nufgL (FKI) a9\g uO{ k"FhL / k|ljlwsf] ;fF3'/f]kgfnfO{ x6fpg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] lyof] . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ SAP n] g]kfndf pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0fsf] cEof; z'¿ u¥of] . SAP nfO{ o;/L cufl8 ;fl/of] dfgf}+ o;sf] cEof;af6 b]zsf ;f/f ;d:ofx¿ 5'dGt/ eO{ ljlng x'G5g\ .
s] g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf SAP n] eg]sf]h:tf] ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 < SAP nfu" x'g'eGbf cl3 g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs C0f ¿= #% ca{ lyof] cfh Tof] C0f r'lnP/ sl/a ¿= @@% ca{ k'u]sf] 5 . ul/aL $@ k|ltztaf6 #) k|ltztdf 36]sf] 5 . -;/sf/L tYonfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf_ ;fIf/tfb/ ^@ dfq k'u]sf] 5 . hLjg:t/, ;/b/ cfo', hg;+Vof j[l4b/df ;fdfGo ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . C0f lnPsf] t'ngfdf ;f/f ;"rsx¿ x\jfQ} a9\g' kg]{ xf] t/ k|fs[lts b/df a9]sf] kfOG5 . Jofkf/ 3f6f emg} r'lnPsf] 5 . s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] c+z @% k|ltzt hlt 5 . ;8s lgdf{0f !& xhf/ ls=ld= dfq 5 . ljB't pTkfbgdf guGo k|ult ePsf] 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ If]qdf eg] s]xL /fd|f sfdx¿ ePsf 5g\ . lzIff / :jf:Yosf] l:yltdf vf;} ;'wf/ cfPg . g]kfnsf] 7"nf] lx:;f vfB ;+s6af6 u'lh|Psf] 5 . b]zdf ;'zf;gsf] cefj 5 . :jb]zL pBf]ux¿ w/fzfoL ePsf 5g\ . a]/f]huf/L JofKt 5 . zflGt ;'/Iffsf] st} cg'e"lt 5}g . s[lif / pBf]u If]qsf] pTkfbsTj emg} 36\bf] 5 . b]zdf d'b|fl:ylkmlt pn{+bf] 5 . e'Qmfg ;+t'ng k"FhLut vftfn] wfg]sf] 5 . k"FhLut vftfdf /]ld6\ofG; w'l/vfFaf] eP/ 7l8Psf] 5 . of] e/kbf]{ ;|f]t x}g . s'g} klg a]nf 9Ng ;S5 . :jb]zsf sRrf kbfy{ / dfgj ;|f]t ljb]zLsf] nflu alnof] cfo;|f]t ePsf 5g\ . b]zdf /fli6«o cfDbfgLsf] ljt/0f c;dfg 5 . cfly{s ljsf; clt dGb 5 . g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf t olt;Dd v8]/L k/]sf] 5 ls b'O{ wgL l5d]sL b]zaf6 x'g] r'lxg] k|jfj (Tricle Down Effect) ;d]t a'lhPsf] 5 . ;f/f nfex¿ pN6} ef/ttkm{ k|jflxt ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] lx:;fdf cefj} cefj 5 . oxL xf] IMF / WB h:tf ;fd|fHojfbL h6fo'x¿sf] l;kmfl/;df nfu" ul/Psf] SAP sf] glthf . SAP sf] sl/a @) jif{sf] /fO{Fbnf]af6 b]z emg\emg\ /;ftndf uPsf] 5 .
log} r'lnFbf k'lnGbfx¿sf] 8ª\u'/af6 Ps lsl~rt cfzfsf] ls/0f g]kfnLsf cGt/dgdf k'nlst ePsf] 5 . g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjdf u0ftflGqs ;/sf/ ag]sf] 5 . cy{dGqL 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ x'g'ePsf] 5 . ca of] ;/sf/n] cfd u/La / a];xf/f hgtfsf] kIfdf sfd ug'{5 . nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;Rrf cg'e"lt lbnfpg' 5 . hgd'vL / cfTdlge{/d'vL cfly{s gLlt cufl8 ;fg'{5 . sfFu|]; / Pdfn]x¿n] /f]k]sf] SAP ¿kL P]h]¿nfO{ xftdf ljem\g] u/L lsgf/f nufpg' 5 . ;/sf/L gLlt / ;xsfl/s/0fsf] ;lDd>0faf6 ldl>t cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug'{5 . cf}Bf]lus k"FhLsf] ljsf; ug'{5 . /f]huf/df clej[l4 ug]{ cf}Bf]lus gLlt Nofpg' 5 . ul/aLnfO{ ldNsfpg' 5 . ;8s ljsf; tyf ko{6gsf] If]qdf qmflGt Nofpg' 5 . s[lifdf qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ nfu" ub}{ s[lifnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ug'{5 . v'nf ;LdfnfO{ cw{v'nf ug'{5 . :jb]zL pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]unfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Djw{g ug'{5 . ljB't pTkfbgdf j[l4 ub}{ cf}Bf]lus zlQmdf ljsf; ug'{5 . ljb]lzPsf bfh' efOnfO{ :jb]z leœofO{ cfkm\gf] kl;gf cfkm\g} df6f]df aufpg] jftfj/0f ldnfpg' 5 . :jb]zL ;fwg / ;Lksf] ;b'kof]u ug'{5 . cGt/f{li6«o c;dfg ;lGwx¿ vf/]h ug'{5 . ;du|df /fi6«sf] uf}/j prf] kfg'{5 . Ps cw{;fdGtL cw{ cf}klgj]lzs d'n's :jtGq, :jfwLg / cfTdlge{/ d'n'sdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g'5 . To;}n] t b]zdf !) jif]{ hgo'4 ul/of] . zlQm ;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ 9'nd'n /fhgLlts zlQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] kIfdf NofP/ /fhf ldNsfOof] . rLlgofF Rofª sfO;]ssf] g]kfnL ;+:s/0f g]=sf=nfO{ nNofsn'n's kfl/of] . o;df g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;w} ;dy{g g/x]]sf eP t !) jif{ klxNo} cft+ssf/Lsf] ¿kdf cfhsf k|=d= s= k|r08 / cy{dGqL s= afa'/fdhLx¿sf] 6fpsfsf] z]/axfb'/, s]=kL= cf]nL, /fdz/0fx¿n] es'08f] v]Ng] lyP .
8f= e§/fO{n] Eofu'tf] em}+ pk|mg] cfly{s j[l4sf] s'/f ubf{ ltgLx¿sf] e]hf p8]sf] 5 . To; cfly{s of]hgfnfO{ pgLx¿ xfjfbf/L ukm elg/x]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/sf 7"nf–7"nf kl/jt{gkl5 sfod ul/Psf sLlt{dfgx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] a'em\sf 5}gg\ . ¿;sf] @% k|ltzt, dfcf]sf] !$ k|ltzt / df]hflDjssf] @$ k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4 xfd|f];fd' :ki6 Oltxf; 5 . ljb]zL 8n/ x;'g]{ / g]kfnsf]eGbf ljb]zsf] a9L ;kgf b]Vg] g]kfnL gfdsf ljb]zL 7]s]bf/x¿sf] nflu ;/b/ @) k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfjfbf/L ukm eP klg tg, dg, wg / hLjg ;a g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] pGgltsf] nflu ;dk{0f ug{;Sg] hgtfsf] ;Rrf g]tfx¿sf] nflu pQm cfly{s j[l4 b/ c;Dej 5}g . h;n] /fhg}lts qmflGtsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;S5 To; JolQmn] cfly{s qmflGtsf] lhDd]jf/L h¿/ k"/f ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg' cfh clt h¿/L 5 . /fhfsf] ;Qfsf] kf]6{kmf]lnof] rflxg], /fhf ldNsfO{ ;Sbf klg ToxL wªw·Ldf pªL/fVg] csf]{ gf}/·L sDo'lgi6 gfdsf] r/fsf] pl5tf] sf8\g klg cfly{s qmflGt ckl/xfo{ 5 . 9ln;s]sf] ;Qfsf] k"/fg} kf]lh;g dfu ug]{x¿ cfh klg ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] h'jfd'lg cfkm"nfO{ gf/L/x]sf 5g\ . qmflGtsf s'zn of]hgfsf/ h:tf wtL{k"qsf] cufl8 z'/f / ;'Gb/Lsf] kmf]xf]/L v]ndf 8'a'lNs dfg]{ sDo'lgi6 gfdsf] kf6L{n] cfk\mgf] s§'df ‘;"====’ u/L ;s]sf] 5 . ltgsf dtbftfn] d]nf] ;f6] . cfkm\gf] ld;gdf cufl8 a9\b} hfg';\ 8f= e§/fO{ . tkfO{+nfO{ z'esfdgf 5 . t/ SAP ¿kL uf]dg ;k{af6 ;w}+ ;ts{ /xg' knf{ x} . ljb]zL uf]dg / :jb]zL wfldn ;fFkx¿n] s'g} klg a]nf sfFu|];, Pdfn], kmf]/dsf] ;Ddfghgs kf]lhzgsf] gfddf hgtfsf :j0fL{d ;kgfx¿df u|x0f nufOlbg a]/ 5}g . Eofu'tf] em}+ pk|mg] cfly{s j[l4sf] s'/f ubf{ Eofu'tf] gplk|mb} ;k{n] v'§f vfO{lbof] eg] s] ult xf]nf < ;ts{ /xg' xf]nf .
